asciilifeform: 1980s usa; they built machine (and using vertical integration of own tooling, for not only os dev but pcb & ic cad etc) precisely for this.
asciilifeform: http://btcbase.org/log/2018-12-01#1877242 << fwiw 'cadence' has ~monopoly not only on ic cad, but on 'heavy industrial' pcbcad, for 16+ layers mobo etc. i actually one time tried to use it, warez , winblowz box, & all, it was monstrously gnarly, loathesome. but if yer making sumthing with 100,000s of netlist nodes, dozens of pcb layers, ball grid ics with 1,000s of balls, yer more or less stuck with it. i've avoided strictly by virt☝︎
asciilifeform: ^ there does not currently exist a decent pcbcad. at. all.☟︎
asciilifeform: ben_vulpes: the classical cd shipped with sources, but not for some of the more interesting items (e.g. 'ns' chip and pcb layout cad; systemolade of various sorts (e.g. fep) etc )